When the balance of payments in Türkiye's economic analysis is examined, the effects of international activities on national income are observed. In our country, where imports have been below exports for many years and there is a foreign trade deficit, international tourism continues to bring foreign currency to our country in every period. Tourism revenues, which are included in the current account within Turkey's payments policy, have been making a positive contribution to the reduction of current account deficits for years. While tourism revenue approached 39 billion US dollars in 2019, it decreased during the pandemic and rose again in 2022 and exceeded 46 billion US dollars. The number of foreign tourists coming to the region in 2019 and 2022 is 51 million. The average foreign tourist per capita expenditure exceeded 900 USD in 2022, but it is aimed to increase it. With a simple calculation, if foreign tourists spend 10% more, it will generate approximately 5 billion US dollars more tourism income. On the other hand, the main purpose is to make a profit, and this purpose is achieved by deducting the goods and costs from the income obtained.

In David Ricardo's theory of comparative equality, he modeled a more profitable foreign trade if countries specialize in the field in which they have a comparative advantage. This theory has led to the emergence that countries can benefit more from producing some goods and services than others. For example, Turkey can be experienced in 4 seasons with its business location, has historical and cultural assets with long beaches and plenty of sunny days, as well as a position to compete in world performance with its gastronomy. It is observed that all countries bordering the Mediterranean have a say in the field of tourism to a greater or lesser extent. It has been proven by statistical data that brand cities such as Istanbul and Antalya have unique examples for different types of tourism. In this book, 'Turkish Accommodation Sector Cost Analysis within the Framework of the Theory of Comparative Advantages' is made. The existing and imported raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products in the production content of the cost have been ensured to preserve production for many years.First of all, energy items such as oil and natural gas are imported from abroad. The effects of the real effective exchange rate index and the economic policy uncertainty of the United States are also examined in the book. Foreign debts of the private sector and the public require the country's economy to be sensitive to foreign exchange movements. National economic activities are not independent of international economic activities and international conjuncture, change and transformation.

When tourist mobility in the context of tourism is added to international financial, goods and service mobility, it can be seen that Turkey is in a dynamic structure with multiple equations. It is essential to read this multi-equation of finance, goods and services, and tourist mobility that changes over time and to take a position according to the spirit of the time. In this book, cost formation in the accommodation sector in the international economic life of 2023 and economic trends in the foreseeable future are analyzed. This book includes research and analysis so that decision makers in the accommodation sector, which has an important place in Turkey's tourism in the current and upcoming conjuncture, can make optimum economic decisions. Evaluating multiple factors affecting the world economy together and predicting their possible effects is a phenomenon that should not be ignored in the international competitive environment. Economic variables can be summarized as inflation, current account deficit, budget growth, foreign exchange value and interest.For the cost analysis of the accommodation sector in Turkey tourism, it is necessary to analyze economically the United States, the European Union, China as a semi-finished and finished product production center, and Russia as an exporter of oil, precious metals and natural gas as international trends. It should not be forgotten that the tourism economy is a dynamic phenomenon that is influenced by many external factors. For cost analysis of a sector within Türkiye, it is necessary to first look at the situation of foreign countries.

 In our country, where imports are higher than 200 billion dollars, 5% inflation in the US dollar will bring an additional cost of 10 billion dollars to imports, and 10% inflation will bring an additional cost of 20 billion dollars. The cost of companies using external financing means an additional burden of $1 billion for a total debt of $100 billion with every 1% interest rate increase. The interest rate of the US central bank FED, which reached 5% in a few years, caused the foreign financing interest expense to increase 4-5 times. In this context, it is necessary to create expectations regarding domestic cost analysis, international economic analysis and the foreseeable future, and constantly update them in the light of new data. First of all, it brings or eases a burden on Turkey as an opportunity or threat in terms of foreign trade and finance. The problem of how international independent variables will affect each other and our country, vector analysis and their expanding or contracting effects form the basis of cost formation. There is a fact that the world and Turkish economy are not independent from world politics, but this is not the subject of this book. It should also not be forgotten that decision makers in the economy affect the economic course. What are the decision makers aiming for, their economic perspectives and economic policies affect the formation of the cost. It is not possible to establish cost formation within Turkey without analyzing external economic factors in this context. We will try to understand what will change in the world in March 2023. In addition to all this, there is the fact that major earthquakes not only create humanitarian disasters, but also impose a cost-increasing burden on the public and private sectors. Calculations of different institutions and organizations indicate that the destruction and reconstruction is approximately over 100 billion US dollars.Production in Turkey depends on imported raw materials and semi-finished products, when they cannot import, their capacity decreases, when production decreases, unemployment occurs, tax revenue in domestic trade decreases, when the production of goods decreases, prices are pressured upwards, inflation is triggered, and finally, the goods that can be exported decrease. When exports decrease, foreign exchange income also decreases. Tourism is an important sector that has been bringing foreign currency to our country for many years. By diversifying tourism, we can attract foreign tourists with different budgets to our country. In this context, we should target the tourist group with very high per capita expenditure, called luxury tourism, and offer tourism products for the upper segment foreign tourists.

In the first part of the book, the stages of economics are explained. In the second part, Türkiye's tourism is discussed, and in the third part, accommodation establishments are discussed.

Dr. Mehmet Tevfik İZGİ